Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

Knee osteoarthritis is a painful reality for millions of people worldwide.

The gradual deterioration of cartilage in the knee joint leads to stiffness, swelling, and decreased mobility.

But what causes this debilitating condition? And more importantly, what can you do about it?

Risk Factors for Developing Knee Osteoarthritis

Age

While there are many factors that can contribute to the development of knee osteoarthritis, age is often considered the number one cause. As we grow older, our risk of developing knee osteoarthritis increases significantly, particularly after the age of 65. This is largely due to the natural wear and tear on the joint over time. 

Obesity

Excess weight is a significant risk factor for knee osteoarthritis. Every extra pound puts additional stress on the knee joint, which can accelerate the breakdown of cartilage. In fact, research has shown that for every pound of weight gained, the force on the knee joint increases by 4 pounds during daily activities like walking or climbing stairs.

Joint Injuries

Previous knee injuries, such as ACL tears or meniscus damage, can significantly increase the risk of developing knee osteoarthritis later in life. These injuries can cause direct damage to the 

Genetics

While not as well understood as other risk factors, genetics can play a role in the development of knee osteoarthritis. Individuals with a family history of the condition may be more likely to develop it themselves due to inherited structural abnormalities in the joint or a genetic predisposition to cartilage breakdown. 

Signs and Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis

Pain

The primary symptom of knee osteoarthritis is pain that develops gradually and worsens over time. Initially, the pain may only occur during or after physical activity, such as walking, climbing stairs, or standing for prolonged periods. As the condition progresses, the pain may become more constant and occur even at rest.

Stiffness

Joint stiffness is another common symptom of knee osteoarthritis. This stiffness is most noticeable after periods of inactivity, such as when waking up in the morning or after sitting for an extended time. The stiffness may improve with gentle movement and activity, but it can take several minutes to subside.

As osteoarthritis progresses, the stiffness may become more persistent and last longer throughout the day. This can lead to a decreased range of motion in the affected knee, making it difficult to fully bend or straighten the joint. 

Swelling

Inflammation in the joint, caused by the body’s response to cartilage breakdown, can lead to swelling in the knee. The knee may appear enlarged or feel warm to the touch. Swelling can be intermittent, becoming more noticeable after periods of increased activity or prolonged standing.

In some cases, the swelling may be accompanied by a feeling of “fullness” or tightness in the knee. This can be particularly uncomfortable and may limit the knee’s range of motion. 

Crepitus

Crepitus refers to the grinding, clicking, or popping sounds that may occur when moving the knee joint affected by osteoarthritis. These sounds are caused by the roughened cartilage surfaces rubbing against each other or against the bone.

As the cartilage deteriorates and becomes uneven, the joint surfaces no longer glide smoothly, resulting in these audible sensations. Crepitus may be more noticeable when climbing stairs, squatting, or bending the knee.

Weakness

Muscle weakness in the legs, particularly in the quadriceps muscles that support the knee joint, is another symptom of knee osteoarthritis. This weakness can develop due to disuse, as individuals may avoid activities that cause pain or discomfort.

Muscle weakness can also contribute to altered gait patterns and increased stress on the affected joint, potentially accelerating the progression of osteoarthritis.

Non-Surgical Treatments for Knee Osteoarthritis

Geniculate Artery Embolization (GAE)

GAE is a minimally invasive procedure aimed at reducing knee pain by targeting the geniculate arteries that supply blood to the knee joint. The procedure involves inserting a thin catheter through a small incision in the groin area and guiding it to the arteries supplying the knee joint under fluoroscopy (X-ray guidance). After GAE, the knee joint may be swollen and sore for a few days. Most patients are able to go home the same day as the procedure and return to their normal activities within a week.

GAE is an effective and safe approach to managing knee pain in patients with OA. It is a good option for patients who have failed to respond to other treatments, such as physical therapy, medication, and injections. GAE aims to provide significant pain relief and improve quality of life for patients, potentially delaying or avoiding the need for more invasive surgical interventions. 

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is a crucial component of non-surgical treatment for knee osteoarthritis. A well-designed exercise program can help strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee joint, particularly the quadriceps and hamstrings. Stronger muscles provide better support and stability to the affected joint, reducing pain and improving function.

Weight Management

Managing weight through a healthy diet and regular exercise is essential for individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Low-impact exercises such as swimming, cycling, or elliptical training can help burn calories and promote weight loss without putting excessive stress on the knee joints. 

In addition to maintaining a healthy weight, making certain dietary modifications can contribute to overall joint health and help manage knee osteoarthritis symptoms.

Dietary Changes

• Incorporate anti-inflammatory foods, such as fatty fish, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Limit processed foods, refined sugars, and saturated and trans fats, which can contribute to inflammation
• Ensure adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium to support bone health

Injections

Intra-articular injections, which involve delivering medication directly into the knee joint, can provide targeted relief for knee osteoarthritis symptoms. Corticosteroid injections are a common treatment option that can rapidly reduce inflammation and pain. 

Another type of injection used for knee osteoarthritis is hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, also known as viscosupplementation. HA injections aim to restore the lubricating properties of the synovial fluid, thereby reducing pain and improving function.

Surgical Options for Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteotomy

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure that involves realigning the bones of the knee joint to redistribute weight away from the damaged area. This technique is particularly useful for younger patients with osteoarthritis limited to one side of the knee (unicompartmental osteoarthritis).

During an osteotomy, the surgeon cuts and reshapes either the tibia (shin bone) or femur (thigh bone) to change the alignment of the knee joint.

Total Knee Replacement

Total knee replacement, also known as total knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure that involves replacing the entire knee joint with an artificial implant. This procedure is typically recommended for patients with severe knee osteoarthritis when non-surgical treatments and less invasive surgical options have failed to provide relief.

Partial Knee Replacement

Partial knee replacement, also known as unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure that involves replacing only the damaged portion of the knee joint with a prosthetic implant. This procedure is suitable for patients with osteoarthritis limited to one compartment of the knee (medial, lateral, or patellofemoral).

Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: A Proactive Approach

Knee osteoarthritis is a progressive condition that can significantly impact your quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options, you can take control of your joint health and manage the condition effectively. If you suffer from knee or joint pain, don’t wait—Contact our team to schedule an appointment and learn how United Knee & Vascular Centers can alleviate your symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions